TURKISH CYPRIOT AND
TURKISH MEDIA REVIEW
C O N T E N T S
No. 211/13 07.11.13
1. Downer: we proceed inch by inch
2. Eroglu continues
trying to create the impression that he is in favor of a solution in Cyprus
3. Nami: Britain as a guarantor country may contribute
positive to the negotiation process
4. Pressures for
rejecting the agreement for uniting Cyprus football started; Eroglu says the
agreement is not a positive development
5. Reactions to the
agreement for uniting Cyprus football; Ultimatum to Sertoglu by Denktas:
Sertoglu should resign
6. A delegation of self-styled deputies carry out
contacts at the European Parliament
7. Another
“citizenship scandal” in the breakaway regime
8. Norwegian foreign
minister on Turkey’s EU bid: There are still issues that Turkey has to resolve
such as the Cyprus dispute
9. Turkish interior
minister claims: Mixed-student apartments home to terrorist and illegal
organizations
10. Ruling party
deputies also question Erdogan's motives behind 'student house' move
11. EU: Mixed-student
homes concern of students and families, Fule is set to arrive in Turkey on Nov.
7
12. Turkish columnist
on AKP's stance on 'student house' move
13. French and German
Presidents to visit Turkey
14. Surveys show that AKP exceeds the 50% of votes
1. Downer: we proceed inch by inch
Turkish Cypriot
daily Havadis (07.11.13) under the above title reports that the UN
Secretary-General’s Special Adviser on the Cyprus problem, Alexander Downer,
said Wednesday that the discussions on the joint declaration, which the Greek
Cypriot side considers a precondition for the resumption of reunification
talks, is proceeding inch by inch (step by step).
In statements to
the press after a meeting with Turkish Cypriot leader Dervis Eroglu, Downer
said that representatives of the Turkish Cypriot and Greek Cypriot sides
continue to work on a joint declaration, repeating that the UN Secretary
General expects completion of the joint declaration in a week.
Replying to a
question whether progress has been made towards formulating a joint
declaration, Downer said: “We proceed inch by inch (step by step)”.
Replying to
question what the UN stance will be in case that an agreement is not reached on
the joint declaration, Downer said that they don’t act with the thought that a
joint declaration cannot be reached, adding that he is hopeful that a
compromise will be reached. He concluded by saying that there are gradual
rapprochements.
2. Eroglu continues
trying to create the impression that he is in favor of a solution in Cyprus
Turkish Cypriot daily Kibris newspaper (07.11.13)
reports that the Turkish Cypriot leader, Dervis Eroglu met yesterday with a
German delegation, which visited the occupied area of Cyprus within the
framework of an educational trip organized by EU’s Karlsruheroffice. The paper
writes that Eroglu briefed the German visitors on the so-called struggle of the
Turkish Cypriots for existence and the ongoing negotiations for finding a
solution to the Cyprus problem.
He argued that the Cyprus problem
will be entering into its 50th year in 2014 and that it is not
possible to keep the Turkish and the Greek Cypriots at the negotiating tablefor
another 50 years. He added that now is the time for finding a solution.
Eroglu alleged that “two democratic
structures” exist now in Cyprus and that the aim is to unite these “two
democratic structures” under the roof of a federal partnership. Eroglu
reiterated the view that they want to finish the negotiations until about April
and submit their result to the approval of the “two peoples”.
He said that at first glance, the
first quarter of the next year might seem early for a solution, but from
another point of view almost all issues have been discussed during the 50 years
of negotiations and it could be seen that there is no issue that could be
further discussed.
(I/Ts.)
3. Nami: Britain as a guarantor country may
contribute positive to the negotiation process
According to
Turkish Cypriot daily Havadis (07.11.13), the self-styled minister of foreign
affairs Ozdil Nami had an hour meeting yesterday with British Minister for
Europe David Lidington.
According to an announcement
by Nami’s office, during the meeting, they exchanged views regarding the latest
developments on the Cyprus problem. Nami also conveyed to Lidington the views
of the Turkish Cypriots regarding the negotiations and said that Britain, as a
guarantor country may contribute positive to the negotiation process.
Nami claimed
that the Turkish Cypriots are determined and willing on the solution of the
Cyprus problem.
According to the
announcement, during the meeting, they reached a consensus on cooperating in order
the process to be brought to a positive point.
Meanwhile, the
paper reports that British Minister also met with Turkish Cypriot leader Dervis
Eroglu.
According to the
paper, Eroglu’s undersecretary Hasan Gungor, his special representative and
spokesman Osman Ertug and the negotiation team attended the meeting. Lidington
was accompanied by British High Commissioner to Cyprus Matthew Kidd and
officials from Commissariat.
4. Pressures for
rejecting the agreement for uniting Cyprus football started; Eroglu says the
agreement is not a positive development
Turkish Cypriot daily Afrika newspaper (07.11.13)
reports that campaigns in the occupied area of the Republic of Cyprus for
rejecting the agreement signed in Zurich by the chairman of the so-called Turkish
Cypriot Turkish football federation (KTFF), Hasan Sertoglu and the Cyprus
Football Association (CFA) have started from the very first day of the signing
of the agreement. According to the paper, the statement made yesterday by
Sertoglu was a “source of inspiration” for the “rejection front”. Afrika notes
that the pressures on the general assembly of the “KTFF”, which will give the
final decision, have started in the direction of rejecting the agreement. “It
seems that the last opportunity for opening our football to the world will be
wasted”, adds the paper.
The paper writes that the Turkish
Cypriot leader, Dervis Eroglu has said that he is certain that the Turkish
Cypriot “people” will not accept entering under Greek Cypriot administration. In
a written statement issued yesterday, Eroglu said that the young people should
not be exposed to “embargoes”, but “the way of overcoming this problem could
not be accepting the Greek Cypriot side to administrate us”.
Eroglu noted that if the situation
is like President Nikos Anastasides and the chairman of CFA had said, “it could
not be described as positive development for the TRNC and the Turkish Cypriot
people”.
Eroglu said that he will wait to be
directly informed by Sertoglu when he returns to Cyprus before making a more
detailed statement.
Alleging that their aim in the Cyprus talks is
to solve the Cyprus problem within the first quarter of next year, Eroglu
argued: “In this situation, some mistakes that could be committed will force us
lose ground and will cause damages which are very difficult to be restored. I
trust our sports community in general and especially our football community
that they will not commit a mistake and endanger the future of the Turkish
Cypriot people, they will not put us in a difficult situation in the
negotiations process and they will protect the rights of all sectors of the
society and not only of one part”.
(I/Ts.)
5. Reactions to the
agreement for uniting Cyprus football; Ultimatum to Sertoglu by Denktas:
Sertoglu should resign
Turkish Cypriot daily Kibris newspaper (07.11.13)
reports that Serdar Denktas, self-styled deputy prime minister and “minister”
of economy, tourism, culture and sports of the breakaway regime in the occupied
area of the Republic of Cyprus, has given “an ultimatum” to the chairman of the
so-called Turkish Cypriot Turkish football federation (KTFF), Hasan Sertoglu
after the agreement he had signed in Zurich with the Cyprus Football
Association (CFA) for reuniting the football in Cyprus. In statements to
Kibris, Denktas said yesterday that the article one of the agreement signed by
Sertoglu provides for KTFF’s joining CFA. He argued that Sertoglu signed the
text knowing this and that he committed a mistake.
Denktas noted that before Sertoglu’s
departure for Zurich they held a friendly meeting during which they discussed
the issue and Sertoglu assured him that he would not sign. Noting that Sertoglu
did exactly the opposite, Denktas said that in this situation Sertoglu should
either stay loyal to his signature or resign.
Denktas alleged that the approach of
KTFF becoming a member of the CFA could not be accepted and added that in this
case the two sides will not be equal.
Denktas denied some allegations in
the press according to which he would remove Sertoglu from his duties, but
added that Sertoglu should resign.
Meanwhile, the paper writes that the
four political parties represented in the regime’s “assembly” have commented on
the developments in a different manner.
The general secretary of the
Republican Turkish Party (CTP), Asim Akansoy said that his party supports that
the young people should be able to participate in international competitions
and that they appreciate Sertoglu’s “serious and determined struggle” in the
direction of the Turkish Cypriot young people being able to play football
internationally. He argued that efforts should be exerted for changing some
articles, such as article 2, instead of totally rejecting the text. He noted
that even being at the same table with the presidents of FIFA and UEFA was a
sign of the existence (of the Turkish Cypriots).
Bengu Sonya, general secretary of
the Democratic Party (DP), wondered for what reason they will further struggle
if they act according to the provisions of the text signed in Zurich. “Let us
accept the Republic of Cyprus and let this issue end”, he said criticizing
Sertoglu. He argued that the only gain of the Turkish Cypriots from Zurich is
that they saw the real intentions of the Greek Cypriots.
Sunat Atun, general secretary of the
National Unity Party (UBP), said that they want their young people to have
contacts abroad, but they do not accept this to happen with the membership to
the CFA. He argued that the membership to the CFA might harm values which they
have been supporting for years on the issue of sovereignty, property and
citizenship in the Cyprus talks.
Cemal Ozyigit, general secretary of
the Social Democracy Party (TDP), said that there might be points to which
everyone could opposesin the text, but the issue which should be discussed is
how the Turkish Cypriots will be represented in the CFA and not their
membership itself. He said that instead of having a rejecting stance in an
environment in which a desire for a united Cyprus exists, it would be best if
the text was revised to become acceptable by both sides.
Izzet Izcan, chairman of the United Cyprus
Party (BKP), which is not represented in the “assembly”, said that the step
taken in the direction of the reunification of football constitutes a strong
basis for the reunification of Cyprus and an early solution. Izcan described
the agreement as “courageous step” and noted that it will secure the
reunification of football in Cyprus and the lifting of the “embargoes” on the
Turkish Cypriot football, which will become a part of the world’s football.
(I/Ts.)
6. A delegation of self-styled deputies carry out
contacts at the European Parliament
According to
Turkish Cypriot daily Havadis (07.11.13), a delegation from the so-called TRNC
assembly, which is currently in Brussels, carries out contacts with officials
of political groups at the European Parliament.
The delegation
consists of so-called deputy with Republican Turkish Party – United Forces
(CTP-BG) Armagan Candan, the so-called deputy with National Unity Party (UBP)
Ersan Saner and the so-called deputy with the Democratic Party – National
Forces (DP-UG) Hasan Tacoy.
During the
contacts, the issues, which are discussed, are the Cyprus problem, the
regulation of the direct trade and the representation of the Turkish Cypriots
at the European Parliament.
Candan,
referring to their meetings, said that within the framework of their contacts,
which started yesterday in Brussels, they met with representatives of the
political groups at the European Parliament and they will continue with
meetings with officials of the European Commission and thinks-tanks
institutions.
Candan explained
that during their meetings with the groups of the Christian Democrats, European
People’s Party and the Social Democratic they shared their views regarding the
latest developments on the Cyprus problem, stressing the position of the
Turkish Cypriots and their desire of the resumption of the negotiations as soon
as possible. Candan also said that they also briefed them regarding the Turkish
Cypriots’ views regarding the discussions on the joint declaration.
Candan noted
that the activities of the lobby continue in order to obtain a representation,
under a special status, at the European Parliament as it occurs at the
Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE).
Referring to the
issue of the opening of the closed town of occupied Varosha, Candan said that
it was not brought into the agenda by anyone during their meetings, adding that
the resumption of the Cyprus talks as soon as possible and its progress were
the issues, which were put forward.
Finally, he that
they will meet tomorrow with the European Parliament's rapporteur on Turkey Ria
Oomen-Ruijten and the head of the EU Commission's Task Force for Turkish
Cypriot community Michaela Di Bucci.
7. Another
“citizenship scandal” in the breakaway regime
Under the title “Deposit prim scandal”, Turkish
Cypriot daily Yeni Duzen newspaper (07.11.13) reports that it seems that
hundreds of persons were granted the “TRNC citizenship” and gained prims for
“social security services” on a false basis.
According to the paper, hundreds of persons
were granted the “citizenship” on the ground that they worked in the breakaway
regime for years, while they worked only for months. In addition of gaining the
“citizenship” these people gained prims for “social security services”.
8. Norwegian
foreign minister on Turkey’s EU bid: There are still issues that Turkey has to
resolve such as the Cyprus dispute
Ankara Anatolia news agency (06.11.13) reports
that Norwegian Foreign Minister Borge Brende whose country voted against
joining the EU in 1994, stated that it is up to the people of Turkey to decide
whether Turkey should be a member state of the EU.
"Norwegian people voted against the EU
membership in a referendum in 1994. Our relation with the EU is the European
Economic Area (EEA)" he said.
"The EEA agreement grants Norway access to
the EU's single market and we are also a member of the Schengen passport-free
area. EU is also our most important export market as it is for Turkey," Brende
said.
EU restarted talks in Brussels on Tuesday with
Turkey after a three year halt. A new
round of talks, entitled Chapter 22, concerning regional policies and covering
job creation, competitiveness, innovation, economic growth, improved quality of
life and sustainable development was opened.
Brende told Anadolu Agency correspondent that
Norway would strongly support Turkey in joining the EU if it is what Turkey
wants.
There has been discussions in the EU whether
Turkey should join or not but Norway's view is the same as Sweden, which
supports the bid, Brende said.
Brende said the amazing developments in Turkey
in the last decade are recognized by the EU, but there are still issues that
Turkey has to resolve such as the Cyprus dispute. "Turkey is on the right path and I
strongly believe that Turkish government will meet the conditions to be an EU
member," he added.
9. Turkish interior
minister claims: Mixed-student apartments home to terrorist and illegal
organizations
Turkish daily Hurriyet Daily News (06.11.13)
reports that Turkish Interior Minister Muammer Guler brought another dimension
to the debate on mixed-student housing, arguing that many of these apartments
harbored terror and other illegal activities, such as prostitution.
"We are considering the issue from the
viewpoint of a fight against terrorism. Particularly apartments, student
residences and lodging houses where university students are living, are places
that terror and other illegal groups are seeing as a resource for gaining
support and finding new members," Guler said during a press conference on
Nov. 6 in Ankara.
Commenting on Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan's
remarks that the government was preparing to enact laws to
"intervene" against homes housing both female and male students under
one roof, Guler said the main reason for this was security.
"According to the latest observations,
terrorist organizations and other marginal groups are in quests to use their
youth organizations as a resources for their own activities ... In the research
that we have made on terrorism, we have seen that terrorist organizations are
using the relationships between male and female students to a considerable
extent to obtain the support of high school and university youth," Guler
said, adding many of these housings were places where terror suspects were
hiding or activities such as prostitution, were run.
Guler argued that the necessary legislation
should be prepared to bring student homes under police supervision.
10. Ruling party
deputies also question Erdogan's motives behind 'student house' move
Turkish daily Hurriyet Daily News (06.11.13)
reports that Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan's vow to crack down on
mixed-gender student accommodation – even in private houses – has not just
riled the opposition, but even created a reaction from his own party amid
speculation about the Premier's motives for the call.
According to Justice and Development Party
(AKP) Ankara deputy Zelkif Kazdal, the issue has two dimensions, one about
values, and the other about the law. "There is something called the
'inviolability of the domicile,' which humanity created 1,000 years ago. For
anybody of the state to be able to intervene in a domicile, there should be a
crime. If there is no crime, complaint or order from a prosecutor or a judge,
nobody can intervene in a domicile," Kazdal told the Hurriyet Daily News
yesterday.
"You cannot make a classification such as
a 'student house,' if you are talking about people over 18, the age of
maturity," Kazdal said.
Another AKP deputy, İdris Bal of Kutahya,
raised question marks over future steps that might violate people's private lives.
"Is the next step intervening in the lives
of couples who live together without getting married?" Bal asked, speaking
to a group of reporters in Parliament. "Will we also intervene if a
university student couple continues living together after they graduate?"
Although choosing his words carefully,
Parliamentary Speaker Cemil Cicek questioned the legality of the government's
proposed move.
Speaking late Nov. 5, Cicek declined to make a
comment, noting that he had not yet read Erdogan's remarks. However, he lent
support to Deputy Prime Minister Bulent Arinc's remarks on Nov. 4 in which he
said: "We have not had any conversations about raiding private houses
where students are residing. Private houses are not the area of our
interest."
Cicek, however, was drawn into the debate on
Nov. 5. "But there is one thing that I know. In a state governed by the
rule of law, if an action is not forbidden, then it is free," Cicek said.
"If rules and acquis in force are not sufficiently meeting matters that
are regarded as problematic, then related legal arrangements are done. If have
we agreed on that, the rest is a political assessment."
For his part, Deputy Prime Minister Bekir
Bozdag suggested taking measures to prevent male and female students from
living together was a duty assigned to the government by the Constitution,
while also claiming that a prime minister has the right to make the change he wants
if he does not like something. Bozdag
cited Article 58 of the Constitution covering the protection of the youth for
his argument; opponents, however, have cited Article 21 of the same
Constitution which covers the inviolability of the domicile.
The deputy prime minister, meanwhile,
downplayed prospects for a legal arrangement as mentioned by Erdogan, saying
Erdogan was referring to a possibility which would become real "if
needed."
11. EU: Mixed-student
homes concern of students and families, Fule is set to arrive in Turkey on Nov.
7
Turkish daily Hurriyet Daily News (06.11.13)
reports that the European Union has underlined that the issue of choosing
mixed-sex accommodation should be left down to students and their families,
recalling that the "core element of the recent democratization package was
the protection of the lifestyles and private choices of every citizen."
"We recall that a core element of the
recent democratization package announced by the prime minister himself was the
protection of lifestyles and private choices of every citizen. This is an
element that we wholeheartedly welcomed," Peter Stano, spokesperson of
Stefan Fule, EU Commissioner for Enlargement, said in a written statement on
Nov. 6.
"The choice on the matter should in principle
be one exercised by the students and their families. To our knowledge, there
are no European standards regulating the matter, and there are different
practices among EU Member States or even within each member state. This is an
issue which primarily the Turkish society needs to solve, on the basis of an
inclusive consultation process integrating the views of all stakeholders
concerned," Stano stressed.
Fule is set to arrive in Turkey on Nov. 7, only
a few days after the EU opened a negotiation chapter with Turkey after a break
of nearly three years.
12. Turkish
columnist on AKP's stance on 'student
house' move
Under the title "Kemalo-Islamism, the
State and Private Life",Ihsan Yilmaz writes the following in Today's Zaman
(06.11.13):
“There are increasing signs that a schism is
opening within the Justice and Development Party (AKP). While some members are
still loyal to their conservative-democratic ideology in line with European
democratic values, others have arguably been reverting back to Islamism. This
is still at a rhetorical level, and there has not been any legislation of this
kind yet. But the recent official statements on private university students'
homes (not only dormitories), where some male and female students cohabit or
study together, suggest that the government may pass some laws allowing
governors to deal with neighbors' complaints. […]
As I have repeatedly written here before, Islamism
is a heterogeneous modern political ideology with diverse manifestations but
also several common points. Islamism utilizes Islam to pursue political
objectives. They imagine Islam as a complete and ready-to-use divine system
with concrete political, cultural, legal and economic blueprints. Their
ideology is exclusivist. They focus on obligations and responsibilities rather
than rights. […]
Because of our Kemalist education system,
Turkish Islamists have acquired several characteristics of Kemalism, resulting
in the emergence of Kemalo-Islamism. Thus, one of the strongest points of
Kemalism and Kemalo-Islamism is a belief in the sanctity of the state. The
Kemalo-Islamists' state is more important than anything else, and it is above
everything else. This state has a vision for society. It has a right to control
society. It has a distaste for civil society, pluralism, multiple perspectives
and liberal lifestyles. It espouses social engineering. It employs law as an
instrument in its top-down socio-cultural projects. It does not trust
individuals. It tries to penetrate not only social life but also the private
lives of individuals by resorting to all sorts of sophisticated pretexts. While
the Kemalists took their inspiration from their distorted understanding of the
Enlightenment, modernity and the West, the Kemalo-Islamists have their ulama to
provide them with ideological and jurisprudential sustenance through private,
if not secret, fatwas.
It is paradoxical that while placing the utmost
importance on the state, they still get their “private” fatwas from the
unofficial “ulama.”
In addition, under the title“It’s more than a
boy-girl story”, Murat Yetkin writes the following in Hurriyet Daily News
(07.11.13):
“It started with a leak, too. The leak was from
a closed-door session of the ruling Justice and Development Party’s (AK Parti)
latest big event bringing MPs and party organizers together to assess the
political atmosphere before the March 2014 local elections. […]
Yet, the news echoed almost immediately not
through the political corridors or Ankara, but in universities and almost every
house in Turkey with a student at university. The report was about a statement
by Prime Minister Tayyip Erdogan, reportedly saying the government would not
let male and female university students share accommodation, whether in
dormitories or private houses, just because there were not enough one-gender
dormitory facilities provided by universities.
Deputy Prime Minister Bulent Arinc denied the
report the same day following a Cabinet meeting, also underlining that it was
not only a “made-up story” and that the government had no policy of intervening
in the private lives and lifestyles of Turkish citizens. The next morning, Nov.
5, Erdogan’s chief political adviser, Yalcin Akdogan, wrote in his column (yes,
he writes daily columns for two papers) admitted that the issue was a matter of
discussion, but that the government had no intention of intervening in people’s
lifestyles and checking private homes, but had the right to inspect
unauthorized dormitories, suggesting that that was what the prime minister
meant.
It took only a few hours for Turkish people to
understand what Erdogan actually meant. “It’s not clear what is going on in
these places,” he said while addressing the AK Parti group in Parliament. “They
are all mixed up, anything can happen. As a conservative democratic government,
we have to intervene.”
He said provincial governors and police would
act on “intelligence” and complaints by neighbors. “Why are you annoyed about
this?” Erdogan asked, adding that this had nothing to do with intervening in
lifestyles.
The answer came from Kemal Kilicdaroglu, the
leader of the main opposition Republican People’s Party (CHP), within an hour
during an address to CHP deputies. Allocating almost his entire speech to
deteriorating women’s rights in Turkey under Erdogan, Kilicdaroglu claimed that
the PM’s actual aim was to end mixed-gender education in Turkey. Underlining
that the government had no legal bases for such inspections unless there is a
crime, Kilicdaroglu claimed that Erdogan had a “cliché in his mind and was
trying to transform Turkey into a Middle Eastern country.”
Erdogan’s statement produced echoes within the
AK Parti as well. Parliamentary Speaker Cemil Cicek said he did not read Erdogan
statements in full but agreed with what Arinc had said. Arinc, on the other
hand, who had denied the story before, said he did not agree with those who
think what he said contradicted the prime minister’s words, since he also
believed that “it was mostly girls on the losing end of cohabitation stories,”
as if sharing student houses meant only being partners without marriage.
Arinc had a major conflict with Erdogan earlier
this year over the police brutality during the Gezi Park protests, and
reportedly stepped back from the brink of resignation only thanks to the
intervention of President Abdullah Gul. […]
As Turkey gets closer to local elections, it
appears that religious and moral values are likely to be a major propaganda
tool to win the hearts and minds of mostly conservative voters. The outcome
might be a lesser role for already undeservedly underrepresented women in
political and social life, something that used to be an example to all other
countries with Muslim populations as a unique quality of secular Turkish
democracy.”
13. French and German
Presidents to visit Turkey
Turkish daily Today's Zaman newspaper
(07.11.13) reports that French President Francois Hollande's long-awaited visit
to Turkey will take place on Jan. 27-28. The visit will be preceded by a
separate trip to Turkey by German President Joachim Gauck in December.
Hollande will pay a two-day visit to Turkey on
Jan. 27-28. The talks are expected to focus on bilateral ties, Turkey's EU bid
and the crisis in Syria.
Prior to Hollande's visit, German President
Gauck will also visit Turkey on Dec. 12-13.
14. Surveys show that AKP exceeds the 50% of votes
Turkish daily
Sabah (07.11.13) reported that according to two surveys presented recently to
Turkey’s Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan, the ruling Justice and
Development Party (AKP) has exceeded the 50% of votes.
According to the
public opinion poll conducted by Konda between 5-6 October with 2,512 people,
AKP would have 51.4% of votes if elections were held today. The opposition
political parties would have the following votes:
CHP [Republican
People's Party]: 22.9%
MHP [Nationalist
Action Party]:14.2%
BDP [Peace and
Democracy Party]: 7.3%
According to the
public opinion poll conducted by Pollmark between 22-29 October with 3,102
people, AKP would have a decrease to its votes to 50.4% of votes if elections
were held today. The votes of the opposition parties are as follows:
CHP [Republican
People's Party]: 24.8%
MHP [Nationalist
Action Party]:12.7%
BDP [Peace and
Democracy Party]: 7.9%
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TURKISH AFFAIRS SECTION
/X.CHR.
